Aurelia Browder

Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919-February 4, 1971) was an African American civil rights activist. In April 1955, months before the historic arrest of Rosa Parks, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider. She was the lead plaintiff in the Browder v. Gayle action lawsuit. The case eventually made its way to the United States Supreme Court, which found that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
At the time of the lawsuit, she was a housewife, but Browder had several careers throughout her life including that of a nurse mid-wife, seamstress, and business woman. She was an educated woman who earned a bachelor's degree in science with honors from Alabama State University.
Browder was affiliated with several of the civil rights groups of the era, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Improvement Association, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

DNA polymerase I (addition)

Cairns' lab assistant Paula De Lucia created thousands of cell free extracts from E.coli colonies and assayed them for DNA-polymerase activity. The 3,478th clone contained the polA mutant, which was named so by Cairns to credit "Paula" [De Lucia].

Boston University men's ice hockey (Addition)

Until 1983, BU played in the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC).

Cornell

The rivalry between Boston University and Cornell dates to 1925 when Boston University beat Cornell 7-2. Between the years 1967 and 1977, both Boston University and Cornell won the ECAC crown five times in the ECAC Hockey League.

National Championships

BU won the national championships in 1971, 1972, 1978, and 1995.

Hankel Singular Values

Hankel singular values provide a measure of energy for a state in a system. It is the basis for balanced model reduction in which high energy states are retained, while low energy states are discarded. The reduced model then retains the important features of the original model.

Hankel singular values are calculated as the square roots, {}, of the eigenvalues, {}, for the product of the controllability gramian, and observability gramian.

Moiety Conservation

Moiety conservation is the conservation of a subgroup in a chemical species, which is cyclically transferred from one molecule to another.

Example

ADP is a subgroup that remains unchanged when it is phosphorylated to create ATP and then unphosphorylated back to ADP.

Middle Georgia College (Addition)

Founded in 1884, the school is the oldest two-year college in the United States.

In 1997, Middle Georgia College began the Georgia Academy of Mathematics Engineering and Science (GAMES), a joint enrollment program that allows students to simultaneously earn a high school diploma and an Associate's degree.

Robert Adler

Robert Adler (1913-2007) was born in Vienna, Austria. He earned a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1937. After emigrating to the United States, he began working in the Zenith Electronics in the research division in 1941. In his lifetime, Alder was granted 180 patents for electronic devices. During World War II, Alder worked on high-frequency oscillators and electromechanical filters in aircraft radios. Alder is known for his work in surface acoustic wave technology used in color televisions and touch screens.
The invention Alder is best known for is the wireless remote control for televisions. While not the first remote control, Alder's remote control used sound to communicate with a television set instead of using light. It used aluminum rods struck by buttons on the device to produce high-frequency tones that would be interpreted to control functions by the television set. In the 1960s, Alder modified the remote control to use ultrasonic signals.
By 1963, Alder risen to through the positions of Vice, President, and Director of Research at Zenith. He remained a technical advisor to Zenith until 1997. In 1980, Alder was awarded the IEEE's Edison Medal. In 1997, Adler and Eugene Polley were awarded an Emmy by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. His most last patent application was filed February 1, 2007 for work on touch screen technology.

Jus Post Bellum

Jus post bellum (Latin for "Justice after War"; see also Just War Theory) deals with the termination phase of war. The idea was written about by Brian Orend to reflect the need for rules to end wars completely and fairly.

Purpose

• Provide assurances to combatants about the terms necessary to end a conflict
• Provide terms for the end of war; once the rights of a political community have been vindicated, further continuation of war becomes an act of aggression
• Provide guidelines for the construction of peace treaties
• Prevent continuous fighting throughout peace negotiations by belligerents to gain more favorable terms.
• Prevent draconian and vengeful peace terms; the rights a just state fights for in a war provide the constraints on what can be demanded from the defeated belligerent

Just Settlement of a Just War

The following is a list of items that would be permissible for a just settlement for a just war:

• Unjust gains from aggression must be eliminated
• Punishment against the aggressor in two forms:
  • Compensation to the victim for losses incurred
  • War crime trials for the aggressor
• Security for the victim against future attack in the form of demilitarization or political rehabilitation
• Terms for settlement should be measured and reasonable ruling out unconditional surrenders
• Terms for settlement should be made public
• Leaders, soldiers, and civilians must be distinguished
  • Leaders must the aggressor must face fair and public war crime trials, if necessary
  • Soldiers from all sides of the conflict must be held accountable for war crimes
  • Civilians must be reasonably immune from punitive measures ruling out sweeping socioeconomic sanctions

External Links

• Justice after War by Brian Orend in the Ethics & International Affairs Journal, Volume 16.1 (Spring 2002)

Ellinais (Addition)

Ellinais was founded in 2006 and has 34 official members, mainly academics, lawyers and other professionals. The group has received state recognition of the ancient Greek religion. It is demanding that its offices be registered as places of worship, which could allow the group to perform weddings and other rites. The group believes in world peace, ecological awareness, and the right to education. The group has three high priests, one of which is Kostas Stathopoulos.

A Battle of Wits: Average World IQ

Above are two images taken from Wikipedia showing average IQ around the world. The first (and original image) was put on Wikipedia in June 2006; the second image is from today, and it has been flipping back and forth several times. The IQ of Americans, New Zealanders, and the French has dropped about 30, 30, and 40 points, respectively, and the IQ of Australians has risen by 40 points.

Common disease-common variant

The common disease-common variant (often abbreviated CD-CV) hypothesis predicts common disease causing alleles will be found in all populations. Variations in the human genome in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common in independent populations. Common variations are concentrated in coding and regulatory sequences in genes. Evolutionary neutral diseases, complex polygenic diseases, are caused by these variations. Each variation in a complex disease will have a small effect on the disease phenotype resulting in additive or multiplicative effect of many susceptibility alleles. The hypothesis has held true in the case of putative causal variants in the apolipoprotein E, APOE ε4, associated with Alzheimer's disease. IL23R has been found to be associated with Crohn's disease; the at-risk allele of has a frequency 93% in the general population.

UA Whitaker

Uncas A. Whitaker (1900-1975) was born in Kansas and raised in Missouri. He was a mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, lawyer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. At the age of 41, he founded Aircraft-Marine Products, AMP Inc., in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania which produced electrical connectors removing the need for soldering.

When Whitaker died in 1975, he left part of his fortune for a foundation to improve people's lives, The Whitaker Foundation. Money provided by him and his wife, Helen Whitaker, totaled $120 million. In 1994, the foundation was the was the sixty-first largest foundation in the United States with assests of $340 million and annual expenditures of $26 million.

Erica Cerra

Erica Cerra (born on October 21, 1979 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor of Italian decent.

Erica was captivated by acting from the age of 8 and appeared in numerous commercials as a child. For a time, she took a break from acting and returned at the age of 22. She was name one of Vancover's five hottest up and comming actresses by Vancouver Lifestyles Magazine in 2005. She currently stars Jo Lupo in Eureka, a Sci-Fi network series that began broadcasting in 2006.

Selected filmography

• Eureka - Deputy Deputy Jo Lupo (2006) (TV)
• Battlestar Galactica - Maya (2006) (TV)
• The L Word - Uta Refson (2006) (TV)
• Man About Town - Sela
• Smallville - Courtney
• The 4400 - Molly Caldicott
• Blade: Trinity - Goth Vixen Wannabe (2004) (Movie)
• Huff - Beautiful Waitress
• Dead Like Me - M.J. Bowers' Sister

External links

• Erica Cerra at the Internet Movie Database

Heliocentrism (Addition)

In 1664, Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus which included all previous condemnations of genocentric books. An annotated copy of Principia by Issac Newton is published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims, two Catholic mathematicians with a preface stating that the author's work assumed heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory. Pope Benedict XIV suspends the ban on heliocentric works on April 16, 1757 based on Issac Newton's work. Pope Pius VII approves a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome.

William Summerlin

William Summerlin worked at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York.He claimed that he could transplant tissue from unrelated animals by keeping the tissue in culture for four to six weeks. He used white mice with patches of black fur which he had colored with a black permanent marker.

In 1974, Summerlin was discovered when he made a presentation to immunologist Robert Good; lab assistants noticed that the patches had been drawn on the mice and could be removed using alcohol. Eventually, the forgery was attributed to a mental health problem.

In Situ Hybridization

ISH (In situ hybridization) uses a complementary strand of DNA to localize a specific DNA sequence in a tissue or onto a specific location on a chromosome. ISH is possible because of DNA's ability to hybridize, or anneal, to its complementary strand at the correct temperature. The DNA probe is fluorescently label (Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH) or it may be detected through autoradiography if the probe is radioactively labelled.

Process
Sample cells are treated to increase their permeability and allow the hybribization of the probe. A complmentary probe is created with a radioactive or fluorescent label. The probe is added to the treated cells and allowed to hybridize; excess probe is washed away. Autoradiography, immunochemistry, or fluorescence microscopy is used to detect the probe's location.

Applications
ISH can be used to determine the structure, function, and evolution of chromosomes. It is used in chromosomal gene mapping or to determine the expression of genes.